Type of Organization: Central OrgLocation of the Organization's Main Base: Rock Country; Minami no Kabe mountain range
Description of the Organization: Iwagakure no Sato is, first and foremost, one of the Five Great Nations within the shinobi world. It is located just north of the high plains of Rock Country deep within the Minami no Kabe mountain range. The village is made entirely of stone, with a surprising bulk of the architectural mass being underground. The villagers of Iwagakure are famous patriots, and take that sense of solidarity into their honor codes, oftentimes to a fault. Iwagakure believes the necessity of brute force, training elite fighters said to be the most competent of all the villages, if not the most numerous.
As the steppes, altitude and location provide horrible agricultural conditions, the village is home to a booming steel industry due to the large amounts of ore found within Rock Country. Iwagakure is also acknowledged as the most proficient village at weapons technology, and in times of war they control a majority of all military exports, supported by the slave trade that has been part of their culture for centuries. While these practices make Iwa arguably the most monetarily prosperous of the Five Great Nations, the bulk of the profits are then funneled back into their military and infrastructure.
The village lies within the Shinan Valley which is located deep within the Minami no Kabe mountain range that essentially splits the southern and northern sections of Rock Country. This makes it nearly impossible to find or stumble on due to its location and several hundred feet of mountains to any side of it that prevent access. The mountains around the village are old and wild, populated heavily by wild tribesmen at best and at worst thick packs of mountain wolves, bears, goats and predatory birds such as hawk and falcon. It is incredibly dangerous to access or escape without knowing the paths and trails of the mountain that Iwagakure Shinobi know. The terrain of the mountains in the Minami no Kabe range make it impossible to directly access Iwagakure from above due to their slanted peaks and incredible height. The most apt example of this are the peaks directly around the space Iwagakure no Sato occupies, known as the Megami no Kiba, or the Goddesses of Fangs. These fifteen hundred feet elevation peaks are incredibly rigid and sturdy made of the most solid minerals and their slant makes them criss-cross over each other like the locked fangs of wolves. The mountains have constant direct sunlight but due to their elevation they are constantly frozen over and only the hardiest of men can live even half-way up their peaks, which are often in a constant state of sub-zero temperature.
Historically, the village branched out from a much smaller military instillation at the center of the village, which now comprises about a 20 square block market district, where most of the village's trade and commerce occurs. The other districts run in a radial fashion outward from this center, with the more affluent and official districts in the north, clan complexes of various flavors somewhere in between, and lower to middle class physical laborers from the engineering, mining, smelting, construction industries living in the Shadow Districts to the south (literally in the shadow of the Wall during the morning hours). All over the village there are multiple training facilities, arenas and private medical complexes specializing in stitching up the various and inevitable bumps and bruises that come with rigorous combat exercise.
The only way into or out of Iwagakure no Sato is The Wall. A massive, one mile thick circular stone wall stretching one hundred and fifty meters into the air and across the entire Shinan Valley that is made entirely of featureless, incredibly compressed stone. There are no gates to The Wall and no discerning features on the outside. The inside section of The Wall has multiple ramparts and guard posts as well as beacon fires and messenger posts. Access to the wall is expressly controlled by its guards who manipulate the Wall with chakra to open, close or reinforce it depending on necessity. The Walls only discerning features are its four small towers, shaped like layered pagodas, each one forty meters tall but extending deep into the wall. These towers house the wall patrols, as well as serving as emergency deployment posts should Iwagakure ever come under attack.
Surprisingly small at first glance, the village of Iwagakure no Sato is actually located a good mile beneath the surface of the ground compared to where most think it occupies. Each building in Iwagakure, large or small, is merely an upper level designed to provide basic functions to the village and the vast majority of actual living space is located deep underground. Houses are built in formations for compounds where each upper building connects into the same lower structure if they provide similar functions. This means that attacks or damage to the upper level of buildings are easily recovered from and the majority of the village's population is located underground at any given time. This has also condensed the surrounding underground of Iwagakure over time into incredibly thick, durable bedrock that is almost impossible to tunnel through in a short time.
Requirements of the Organization: Born within Iwagakure no Sato, Rock Country citizen
Goals:
- To ensure the protection, expansion, and survival of the nation of Rock Country.
Ryo: (1029/2552)
Members Of the Organization
Iwagakure no Sato shinobi
NPCs Of the Organization
S-rank NPC: Chuutetsu, Ishidai
S-rank NPC: Hotaka, Kaori
S-rank NPC: Kato, Tadashi
Organization's Jutsu/Defenses
Iwagakure no Sato DefensesShow
[The Wall]
Supportive X-Rank Jutsu
Iwagakure no Sato is surrounded by a massive, one-mile thick circular Doton wall stretching one hundred and fifty meters into the air that is made entirely of featureless, incredibly compressed stone. There are no gates to The Wall and no discerning features on the outside. The inside section of The Wall has multiple ramparts and guard posts as well as beacon fires and messenger posts. Access to the Wall is expressly controlled by its guards who manipulate the wall with chakra to open, close or reinforce it depending on necessity. The Wall's only discerning features are its four small towers, shaped like layered pagodas, each one forty meters tall but extending deep into the wall. These towers house the wall patrols, as well as serving as emergency deployment posts should Iwagakure ever come under attack. The Wall requires a Strength of 50 to even begin to break through its mile-thick structure.
[Blast Shield: The Village]
Supportive X-Rank Jutsu
A ninjutsu developed to protect the village from those who would try to attack from the air. Multiple Kouton users will perform the needed hand seals and touch an edge of the Wall which will spawn a titantic Kouton shield over the village. The shield originates from the innermost border of the Wall and forms inward to create a dome over the village. This dome requires 50 Strength to puncture and has the Kouton passive enabled.
Supportive X-Rank Jutsu
Iwagakure no Sato is surrounded by a massive, one-mile thick circular Doton wall stretching one hundred and fifty meters into the air that is made entirely of featureless, incredibly compressed stone. There are no gates to The Wall and no discerning features on the outside. The inside section of The Wall has multiple ramparts and guard posts as well as beacon fires and messenger posts. Access to the Wall is expressly controlled by its guards who manipulate the wall with chakra to open, close or reinforce it depending on necessity. The Wall's only discerning features are its four small towers, shaped like layered pagodas, each one forty meters tall but extending deep into the wall. These towers house the wall patrols, as well as serving as emergency deployment posts should Iwagakure ever come under attack. The Wall requires a Strength of 50 to even begin to break through its mile-thick structure.
[Blast Shield: The Village]
Supportive X-Rank Jutsu
A ninjutsu developed to protect the village from those who would try to attack from the air. Multiple Kouton users will perform the needed hand seals and touch an edge of the Wall which will spawn a titantic Kouton shield over the village. The shield originates from the innermost border of the Wall and forms inward to create a dome over the village. This dome requires 50 Strength to puncture and has the Kouton passive enabled.
Iwagakure no Sato Equipment: 259/500Show
Standard Issue Flak Jacket 23 Ryo:The jacket's outer layer is made from a thick, coarse material that provides protection [15 Strength] against various elements and potential threats. Its earthy color palette, featuring shades of brown and gray, seamlessly blends with the rocky terrain of the village, allowing shinobi to camouflage themselves effectively during missions. The flak jacket is reinforced with sturdy plates strategically placed to safeguard vital areas such as the chest, back, and shoulders. The arrangement of these plates not only enhances defensive capabilities but also allows for ease of movement, enabling Iwagakure shinobi to maintain agility in the midst of battle.
Functionality is a key aspect of the Iwagakure flak jacket, featuring numerous pouches and compartments strategically placed to hold various tools and equipment essential for a shinobi's missions. Whether carrying kunai, shuriken, or other specialized tools, the jacket allows for easy access, ensuring that Iwagakure's shinobi are well-prepared for any situation.
Communications Radio 24 Ryo:A compact communication device worn on the head, featuring a combination of headphones and a microphone for hands-free communication. The headset consists of a padded earphone that cover or fit into the ear to provide audio output. A flexible microphone is integrated into the design, allowing the wearer to communicate without the need to hold a separate device. The microphone can often be adjusted for optimal positioning.
These devices utilize [Link] fuuinjutsu to establish wireless communication, enabling users to transmit and receive messages within a certain range. The controls for adjusting volume, changing channels, and activating other features are usually located on the headset itself for ease of use.
Gas Mask 80 Ryo:A basic mask worn on the face, the mask is lined with a compound made up primarily of charcoal, allowing it to filter out ambient chemicals in the air aside from oxygen. This protects the wearer against airborne particulates that may effect breathing patterns or have otherwise derogatory effect against the wearer.
Chalk Grenade 21 Ryo:A chalk grenade is a non-lethal tactical device designed for specialized applications. Unlike traditional explosive grenades, the primary purpose of a chalk grenade is not to cause harm but rather to disperse a cloud of chalk particles upon detonation. The outer casing of the chalk grenade is made of a durable yet lightweight material to withstand the explosive force required for dispersing the chalk payload. The grenade is designed with safety in mind, featuring a robust mechanism that ensures controlled release of the chalk and minimizes the risk of injury to bystanders.
Upon activation, the chalk grenade emits a burst of vividly colored chalk dust [15 Strength] to neutralize and neuter jutsu. This can be particularly useful in training exercises to contain out of control jutsu or it can even provide useful in crowd control situations where the chalk grenade offers a non-harmful means of marking individuals for identification or tracking purposes due to the colorful residue.
Omni-Directional Movement Gear 58 Ryo:ODM Gear was developed as a way to allow shinobi to navigate the intense mountainous terrain without the use of chakra. Compromised of three different components, shinobi wear a specialized harness that holds the gas canisters and the mechanisms for controlling the wires. The ODM Gear itself is worn on the hips and legs, with triggers and handles to control the release of gas and the firing of the wires. The gear is powered by gas canisters, containing compressed natural gas. The user can release gas from these canisters to propel themselves in different directions up to 80 meters as the gas canisters are connected to retractable wires with sharp, anchor-like tips. These wires can be fired into structures such as buildings, trees, or mountainsides allowing the user to swing or navigate in three dimensions [20 Strength].
Soldier Pill 53 Ryo:Special pills developed by Iwagakure no Sato to nourish the body and heal it in the midst of combat. It is made up of powerful stimulants and nutrients that are near-instantly absorbed into the body. These stimulants and nutrients release a healing effect comparable to the lowest tier of *[Iijutsu • Mystical Palm] which affects the worst wound for 2 posts.
Iwagakure no Sato JutsuShow
DotonShow
*Doton • Earthen Ninja Tools
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a set of up to 10 basic projectiles, such as kunai, shuriken, or senbon, in their hand. These tools have [Control] strength.
*Doton • Binding Formation
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After channeling doton chakra into their foot the user will slam the ground within 5 meters of a target's feet with their heel, causing a formation of rock to shoot upwards at [Control] speed binding the target's feet at [Control] strength
*Doton • Dirt Cloud
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a 1 meter diameter ball of loose dirt in front of them, launching it off up to 10 meters away at [Control] strength and speed. Upon impact the ball of loose dirt breaks apart forming a vision-impairing cloud of dirt with a 5 meter radius.
*Doton • Wall
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a solid stone wall up to 5 meters away from them at [Control] speed. The wall has [Control] strength and is 3x3x1 meters large.
*Doton • Trip Fault
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will cause a 1/2 meter pot hole to appear at [Control] speed somewhere within 5 meters.
*Doton • Landmine
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will tap their foot on the ground charging a 25 meter radius around their foot with explosive chakra. This is armed at [Control] speed. For the next three posts if anyone other than the user steps on the area it will explode with at a [Control] Strength explosion.
*Doton • Harden Earth
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user places their palm on the ground, channelling chakra into it and increasing the density of the earth beneath them in a 25 meter radius around them. This earth is extra resilient to digging and takes strength stat equal to [Control] in order to even dent. Falling on this section of ground without a proper landing could also potentially increase damage.
*Doton • Manica
C-Rank Ninjutsu
By channeling doton chakra into their arm, the user will form rock from their shoulder downward, encasing their forearm and hand in rough and simplistic layered plates of stone. The stone passes over the hand on the back-side but leaves the palm-side uncovered allowing full dexterity of the hand for seals. This essentially resembles a manica, which is a segmented armor that spans the length of the arm. The armor has [Control] strength and speed.
*Doton • Tremors
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals and holding the last one, the user will stomp their foot on the ground, releasing their chakra in it and causing it to tremor violently for one post. The tremors radiate out from the user in a 25 meter radius, knocking down anyone standing on the ground without a stability taijutsu technique of a rank equal to [Control]. Lasts as long as the last seal is held, for up to 3 posts.
*Doton • Spike Shot
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a stone spike directly in front of them roughly 1.5 meter long and 1/2 meter in diameter at it's thickest point before launching the spike forward up to 25 meters away at [Control] strength and speed.
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a set of up to 10 basic projectiles, such as kunai, shuriken, or senbon, in their hand. These tools have [Control] strength.
*Doton • Binding Formation
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After channeling doton chakra into their foot the user will slam the ground within 5 meters of a target's feet with their heel, causing a formation of rock to shoot upwards at [Control] speed binding the target's feet at [Control] strength
*Doton • Dirt Cloud
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a 1 meter diameter ball of loose dirt in front of them, launching it off up to 10 meters away at [Control] strength and speed. Upon impact the ball of loose dirt breaks apart forming a vision-impairing cloud of dirt with a 5 meter radius.
*Doton • Wall
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a solid stone wall up to 5 meters away from them at [Control] speed. The wall has [Control] strength and is 3x3x1 meters large.
*Doton • Trip Fault
D-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will cause a 1/2 meter pot hole to appear at [Control] speed somewhere within 5 meters.
*Doton • Landmine
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will tap their foot on the ground charging a 25 meter radius around their foot with explosive chakra. This is armed at [Control] speed. For the next three posts if anyone other than the user steps on the area it will explode with at a [Control] Strength explosion.
*Doton • Harden Earth
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user places their palm on the ground, channelling chakra into it and increasing the density of the earth beneath them in a 25 meter radius around them. This earth is extra resilient to digging and takes strength stat equal to [Control] in order to even dent. Falling on this section of ground without a proper landing could also potentially increase damage.
*Doton • Manica
C-Rank Ninjutsu
By channeling doton chakra into their arm, the user will form rock from their shoulder downward, encasing their forearm and hand in rough and simplistic layered plates of stone. The stone passes over the hand on the back-side but leaves the palm-side uncovered allowing full dexterity of the hand for seals. This essentially resembles a manica, which is a segmented armor that spans the length of the arm. The armor has [Control] strength and speed.
*Doton • Tremors
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals and holding the last one, the user will stomp their foot on the ground, releasing their chakra in it and causing it to tremor violently for one post. The tremors radiate out from the user in a 25 meter radius, knocking down anyone standing on the ground without a stability taijutsu technique of a rank equal to [Control]. Lasts as long as the last seal is held, for up to 3 posts.
*Doton • Spike Shot
C-Rank Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user will form a stone spike directly in front of them roughly 1.5 meter long and 1/2 meter in diameter at it's thickest point before launching the spike forward up to 25 meters away at [Control] strength and speed.
KoutonShow
*Kouton • Pellet Storm
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will expel a cloud of metallic pebbles in a cone reaching 10m from themselves and expanding to 5m wide at [Control] speed. The pellets strike with [Control] strength and have spiked edges for maximum damage.
*Kouton • Steel Fists
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will coat their hands in a silvery metal. This metal can sit on their hands for up to 3 posts before falling to useless pieces. The metal will turn into sharp 4 inch spikes at [Control] Speed that break if struck by a blow with more than [Control] Strength.
*Kouton • Projectile Creation
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the necessary hand seals, the user can create up to two projectiles out of metal with [Control] Strength at [Control] Speed. This includes kunai, senbon, shuriken, chakrams and other similar sized throwing weapons.
*Kouton • Shrapnel Bomb
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will create a hollow ball of steel about the size of a soccer ball. They will then fire this ball at [Control] speed in a single direction for up to 10 meters. Upon contact or reaching its maximum range, the ball will detonate with [Control] Strength, showering the effected area in metal shards.
*Kouton • Hidden Needle
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will channel chakra into a metal weapon they are holding. Upon throwing or swinging that weapon, they are then able to cause a 15cm long needle to be launched from within that weapon at [Control] speed in a single direction at any point along its trajectory. This needle will strike with [Control] strength.
*Kouton • Sword Breaker
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will channel chakra into their hand. For the next 3 posts, the first metal object the user touches will have it's Strength reduced by 3.
*Kouton • Wall
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user causes a wall of steel with half-meter spikes on its front to emerge from the ground up to 4 meters in height at [Control] speed. This wall can block attacks up to [Control] strength, and crumbles to useless pieces after 3 posts. If the user so chooses within those 3 posts, or if the structure is not destroyed, they may from the spikes off at [Control] Speed and Strength.
*Kouton • Spray
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will cause a source of metal larger than a person to start spraying a cloud of needles in a single direction at [Control] Speed and Strength. This cloud goes 20 meters from the point of origin, while also being 10 meters in width.
*Kouton • Steel Reel
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will touch two fingers on each hand together. From those spots, the user is able to create up to 25m of wire, and cause it to approach and wrap around something at [Control] Speed and Strength. The wire must be completely created in the first post, but acts as normal wire afterwards.
*Kouton • Crumple Zones
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will channel chakra to an existing source of metal. The next time that metal is touched, the steel will bend inwards, covering and holding the thing that touched it with [Control] strength. This technique lasts for 3 posts.
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will expel a cloud of metallic pebbles in a cone reaching 10m from themselves and expanding to 5m wide at [Control] speed. The pellets strike with [Control] strength and have spiked edges for maximum damage.
*Kouton • Steel Fists
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will coat their hands in a silvery metal. This metal can sit on their hands for up to 3 posts before falling to useless pieces. The metal will turn into sharp 4 inch spikes at [Control] Speed that break if struck by a blow with more than [Control] Strength.
*Kouton • Projectile Creation
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the necessary hand seals, the user can create up to two projectiles out of metal with [Control] Strength at [Control] Speed. This includes kunai, senbon, shuriken, chakrams and other similar sized throwing weapons.
*Kouton • Shrapnel Bomb
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will create a hollow ball of steel about the size of a soccer ball. They will then fire this ball at [Control] speed in a single direction for up to 10 meters. Upon contact or reaching its maximum range, the ball will detonate with [Control] Strength, showering the effected area in metal shards.
*Kouton • Hidden Needle
D-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will channel chakra into a metal weapon they are holding. Upon throwing or swinging that weapon, they are then able to cause a 15cm long needle to be launched from within that weapon at [Control] speed in a single direction at any point along its trajectory. This needle will strike with [Control] strength.
*Kouton • Sword Breaker
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will channel chakra into their hand. For the next 3 posts, the first metal object the user touches will have it's Strength reduced by 3.
*Kouton • Wall
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals the user causes a wall of steel with half-meter spikes on its front to emerge from the ground up to 4 meters in height at [Control] speed. This wall can block attacks up to [Control] strength, and crumbles to useless pieces after 3 posts. If the user so chooses within those 3 posts, or if the structure is not destroyed, they may from the spikes off at [Control] Speed and Strength.
*Kouton • Spray
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the correct hand seals, the user will cause a source of metal larger than a person to start spraying a cloud of needles in a single direction at [Control] Speed and Strength. This cloud goes 20 meters from the point of origin, while also being 10 meters in width.
*Kouton • Steel Reel
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will touch two fingers on each hand together. From those spots, the user is able to create up to 25m of wire, and cause it to approach and wrap around something at [Control] Speed and Strength. The wire must be completely created in the first post, but acts as normal wire afterwards.
*Kouton • Crumple Zones
C-Ranked Ninjutsu
After performing the required hand seals, the user will channel chakra to an existing source of metal. The next time that metal is touched, the steel will bend inwards, covering and holding the thing that touched it with [Control] strength. This technique lasts for 3 posts.
Organization's Outposts/Secondary Bases
First OutpostShow
Name of Outpost: Welcome Center
Location of Outpost: Border of Rock Country and 19c
Intent of Outpost: Observation
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Location of Outpost: Border of Rock Country and 19c
Intent of Outpost: Observation
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Second OutpostShow
Name of Outpost: Welcome Center
Location of Outpost: Border of Rock Country and 19a
Intent of Outpost: Observation
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Location of Outpost: Border of Rock Country and 19a
Intent of Outpost: Observation
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Third OutpostShow
Name of Outpost: Checkpoint Bravo
Location of Outpost: Embedded within the back of The Wall
Intent of Outpost: Village Defense
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Chalk Chaff
X-Ranked Jutsu
The shinobi manning Checkpoint Bravo fire chakra propelled cannons filled with chalk at those who manage to break into Iwagakure no Sato. These projectiles fire off with 25 Str and Speed once every 2 posts at enemies. Once they reach their range limit of 100m or hit something, the projectiles explode into a fine mist of chalk over a 100m diameter. The particles are hang in the air for 1 post before dispersing.
Location of Outpost: Embedded within the back of The Wall
Intent of Outpost: Village Defense
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Chalk Chaff
X-Ranked Jutsu
The shinobi manning Checkpoint Bravo fire chakra propelled cannons filled with chalk at those who manage to break into Iwagakure no Sato. These projectiles fire off with 25 Str and Speed once every 2 posts at enemies. Once they reach their range limit of 100m or hit something, the projectiles explode into a fine mist of chalk over a 100m diameter. The particles are hang in the air for 1 post before dispersing.
Fourth OutpostShow
Name of Outpost: Checkpoint Alpha
Location of Outpost: Embedded within the front of The Wall.
Intent of Outpost: Village Defense
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Youton Moat
X-Ranked Jutsu
The Enkouten manning Checkpoint Alpha turn the land immediately surrounding The Wall into a field of lava to deter invaders from walking up to the gates. This moat of lava measures as long as The Wall itself, 100m wide, and 30m deep. The lava burns within the moat with 45 Strength and sloshes about when disturbed with 5 Speed. It hardens into Doton after 12 posts.
Location of Outpost: Embedded within the front of The Wall.
Intent of Outpost: Village Defense
Defense jutsu tied to the outpost:
Youton Moat
X-Ranked Jutsu
The Enkouten manning Checkpoint Alpha turn the land immediately surrounding The Wall into a field of lava to deter invaders from walking up to the gates. This moat of lava measures as long as The Wall itself, 100m wide, and 30m deep. The lava burns within the moat with 45 Strength and sloshes about when disturbed with 5 Speed. It hardens into Doton after 12 posts.
Organization's Sub-Orgs (1/1 Used) Jousai
Donation Tracker:
Kanade - 784
Tatsuo - 1068
500 - NSRP
1 - Ian tip